13 September 2026
Epicycles: One Arm, Two Arms, Three Arms
Every curve on this page is a single sum of rotating vectors — Ptolemy’s epicycles, the Spirograph, and the Fourier series are the same machine at N = 3, N = 2 and N = ∞.
Interactive geometric visualizations
Journal
Notes on the mathematics behind the collection — most posts are themselves working figures.
13 September 2026
Every curve on this page is a single sum of rotating vectors — Ptolemy’s epicycles, the Spirograph, and the Fourier series are the same machine at N = 3, N = 2 and N = ∞.